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Apocephalus borealis
''Apocephalus borealis'' is a species of North American parasitoid phorid fly that parasitizes bumblebees, honey bees, and paper wasps. These flies are colloquially known as zombie flies and the bees they infect are colloquially known as zombees. The association with honey bees has so far only been documented from California, South Dakota, Oregon, and Washington; elsewhere, they are primarily associated with bumblebees and paper wasps, but most recently this species has changed host and has begun to attack the European honey bee. A case was confirmed in October 2013 of an infestation of honeybees in Vermont.
==History==
The infection of European honey bees in North America by ''A. borealis'' was first discovered by Dr. John Hafernik, who noticed disoriented honey bees at a light at night on San Francisco State University's campus. He picked some up in a vial, forgot about them, and about a week later noticed that fly larvae had emerged from the dead bees. Information is insufficient as to why the parasitic fly jumped to its new host, but concern exists that this new host provides an opportunity for the fly to thrive and further threaten the decreasing honey bee population. ''A. borealis'' has been suggested as a possible vector promoting the spread of the pathogens responsible for colony collapse disorder.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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